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An Exhibit on Language

Words of the People

The Tower of Babel, A Poetical Drama (by Alfred Austin)
The Canterbury Tales (by Chaucer, Geoffrey)
National Symposium on Learning Disabilit... (by Department of Education)
Psychology and Pathology of Speech Devel... (by Conradi, Edward)
The Principles of the International Phon... (by International Phonetic Association)
The Science Of Language Vol I (by F. Max Muller K. M.)
Selections from Chaucer's Canterbury Tal... (by Chaucer, Geoffrey)
A Comparative Grammar of the Gaudian Lan... (by Hoernle, August Frederich Rudolf)

The Words of the People: An Exhibit on Language

From the oldest forms of writings with pictographs and Cuneiform in 3500 B.C. to the generation of the first alphabet; of all the strides that we have made in technology, Language has been the single most important "invention" since the dawn of man. In fact, language defies time. Language is the greatest man-made achievement. Tone, intonation, inflection, the tongue, the throat, the breath and the brain: all lifeforms have some form of communication. The proceeding Collections in "The Words of the People: An Exhibit on Language" includes the most significant books on the subject of language.

Language, Literature, Children's Literature, Hawaiiana, Poetry and more.

Language and Learning

The root of the word language comes from the Latin term lingua, meaning "tongue." This definition’s attention to the human tongue highlights this muscle as the primary tool used by the body to shape combinations of uttered sounds to form the words of a spoken language. However, we can examine how languages also have a life of their own beyond an individual body. The “Words of the People: An Exhibit on Language" illustrates how language can be studied through its human biological and cognitive properties, as well as through its temporal and relational nature.

Language depends upon social customs and the ability for other humans to learn and adapt to social stimuli. The Science of Language Volume I, details theories on how early humans created words through vocalizations with the speech organs such as the throat, nose, tongue, palate, teeth, and lips, producing thousands of sounds. However, a typical language group utilizes only a limited number of sounds, usually between 10 and 60, which are interpreted aurally (The Science of Language, Volume 1, K.M. Max Muller).

In The National Symposium on Learning Disabilities in English Language Learners, proffers that the capacity to learn a language is based on individual factors, such as neurobiology, and contextual factors, such as environmental and social support (U.S. Department of Education, The National Symposium on Learning Disabilities in English Language Learners, U.S. Department of Education). Edward Conradi, a Professor of Psychology, wrote a thesis titled Psychology and Pathology of Speech Development of the Child. In this work, Conradi details how the various sounds a child makes after birth becomes the foundation for learning his mother tongue (Conradi, Psychology and Pathology of Speech Development of the Child, Edward Conradi). Later, the author became the President of the Florida State College of Women, the first women’s college in the south approved by the Association of American Universities (“Edward Conradi,” World Heritage Encyclopedia). Perhaps it was through his studies in child psychology that Conradi believed all people should be given the opportunity to develop their language, and contribute to their culture and society.

Language Across Time

Writing allowed particular languages to be remembered for longer periods of time. The oldest writing is traced to the Sumerians, whose records go back to at least 3500 B.C. They used a form of picture writing that told a story or gave a message. The use of pictures as a writing style became so highly developed that it could express abstract ideas. Many present-day Asian countries such as China continue to use this form of writing (“Language,” World Heritage Encyclopedia and "The History of the Alphabet," World Heritage Encyclopedia).

However, alphabetic systems of writing differ from picture writing because they are not static. Alphabetic writing is comprised of symbols, such as letters of the alphabet, that represent a vocalized sound (“Language”). Alphabetic writing changes to reflect the evolution of spoken language (“Language,” World Heritage Encyclopedia and "Letter Alphabet," World Heritage Encyclopedia). The Canterbury Tales was told by storyteller and poet Geoffrey Chaucer is an example, The original writing of this work used different spellings, reflecting pronunciations of words according to the vernacular of Chaucer’s time. However, when the work was written in later editions, the spellings of words changed to reflect pronunciations during those times (The Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer). The International Phonetic Association (IPA) has transcribed words in this book, using symbols to demarcate specific speech sounds. The Principles of the International Phonetic Association, 1912 chronicles the history of the IPA, creating a tool often used in dictionaries to assist readers in the pronunciation of words as they are spoken in their contexts (The Principles of the International Phonetic Association, International Phonetic Association).

The Great Vowel Shift

Before Modern English, there were "Old English" and Middle English." In 1550 A.D., a documented event called "The Great Vowel Shift occurred.

Language Families

The Tower of Babel: A Poetical Drama by Alfred Austin is a dramatization of a biblical story that tells us that all languages were at once one. However, a heavenly intervention confused people’s languages and scattered them around the world (Tower of Babel, Alfred Austin). Despite the differences of today, it is possible to examine the relationships between languages. One way to classify these relations are through the concept of language families, or a group of languages that are related through descent from a common ancestor, or proto-language. Language families can be divided into smaller phylogenetic units, or branches of the language family. For example, the Celtic, Germanic, Slavic, Romance and Indo-Iranian languages are phylogenetic units of the indo-European language family (“Tower of Babel,” World Heritage Encyclopedia).

Different languages can also transform one another when they come into contact. These are called "Sprachbund." The book, A Comparative Grammar of the Gaudian Languages, With Special Reference to the Eastern Hindi, Accompanied by a Language-Map and a Table of Alphabets details how the Indian Subcontinent is a Sprachbund, or "...a geographical region that has several languages that feature common linguistic structures due to language contact and not common origin..." (A Comparative Grammar of the Gaudian Languages, With Special Reference to the Eastern Hindi, Accompanied by a Language-Map and a Table of Alphabets, August Frederich Rudolf Hoernle). "Language Isolates" are languages that have no known relatives, such as the Basque language (“Basque Language,” World Heritage Encyclopedia). "Contact Languages" are created when languages that do not come from a single ancestor come into contact to create "mixed" or Creole languages (“Language,” World Heritage Encyclopedia). Hawaiian Pidgin, for instance, is an example of a Creole. Of note: Hawaiian Pidgin is the only known language in history to be created by children. On pineapple, coffee and sugar cane plantations in Hawaii, there was such a diversity of workers that the children (in order to be able to socialize together) unconsciously created a Creole that is still spoken widely in the State of Hawaii. Hawaiian Creole is a mixture of "loanwords" and phrases from over a dozen languages, including Hawaiian, Modern English, Japanese, Chinese, Filipino and Portuguese.

Debates on the study of language revealed its multi-dimensionality. Language has been studied biologically and cognitively, as an action of the vocal chords to create sounds with the use of the tongue. Languages function as organisms that survive over time through becoming a written language, or a spoken language that endures as a descendant of a proto-language. Spoken language can also dynamically transform by taking on the properties of other languages it is in contact with. The “Words of People: An Exhibit" on Language” features language as a multi-dimensional subject that covers the biological, historical and cultural aspects of human communication.

Works Cited

Austin, Alfred. The Tower of Babel, A Poetical Drama. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, 1874.

"Basque Language." World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Canterbury Tales. New York: Macmillan, 1910.

Conradi, Edward. Psychology and Pathology of Speech Development of the Child. Volume 11. Pedagogical Seminary, September, 1904.

Department of Education. The National Symposium on Learning, Disabilities in English Language Learners. Office of Special Education and Rehabilitation Services, U.S. Department of Education, 2003.

"Edward Conradi." World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

"The History of the Alphabet." World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

Hoernle, August Frederich Rudolf. A Comparative Grammar of the Gaudian Languages, With Special Reference to the Eastern Hindi, Accompanied by a Language-Map and a Table of Alphabets. London: Trubner and Co., 1880.

International Phonetic Association. The Principles of the International Phonetic Association. Paris: Association Phonétique Internationale, 1912.

"Language." World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

"Letter Alphabet." World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

Muller K.M. Max. The Science of Language. Volume 1. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1899.

"Tower of Babel." World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

Language Collections

Learn more about the evolving nature of languages in these collections:

Top 100 books on Language

The King's English (by Fowler, Henry Watson)
Les Liaisons Dangereuses (by De Laclos, Pierre Choderlos)
The Secret Garden (by Burnett, Frances Hodgson)
1811 Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue (by Grose, Captain)
Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (by Wittgenstein, Ludwig)
The Kabbalah Unveiled, Score Jud Tku (by MacGregor Mathers, S. L.)
Higher Lessons in English (by Reed, Alonzo)
The Brothers Karamazov (by Dostoevsky, Fyodor)
Three Musketeers, The (by Dumas, Alexandre)
Chambers's Etymological Dictionary of th... (by Findlater, Andrew)
Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (by Wittgenstein, Ludwig)
The Age of Innocence (by Wharton, Edith)
Secret Garden, The (by Burnett, Frances Hodgson)
Beowulf (by Unknown)
Siddhartha (by Hesse, Hermann)

Top 100 books on Education

Aristotle on Education, Being Extracts f... (by Aristotle)
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Dougl... (by Douglass, Frederick)
Confucian Analects (by Confucius)
Heroides (by Ovidius Naso, Publius (Ovid))
Moby Dick; Or the Whale (by Melville, Herman)
A Curious Hieroglyphick Bible : Or, Sele...
The Sound and the Fury and as I Lay Dyin... (by William Faulkner)
The Adventures of Pinocchio (by Collodi, C.)
Emile (by Rousseau, Jean Jacques)
Ivanhoe NL (by Scott, Walter, Sir)
Christian Education in the Dark Ages (A.... (by Magevney, Eugene A.)
A Modest Proposal (by Swift, Jonathan)
Doll's House, A (by Ibsen, Henrik)
Common Sense (by Paine, Thomas)
The Republic, Score Plato Rep (by Plato)

Top 100 books on Children's Early Learning

The Story of Little Jane and Me (by Blatchford, Mary E)
Beauty and the Beast (by Crane, Walter)
The First Days of Man, As Narrated Quite... (by Frederic Arnold Kummer)
The Hey Diddle Diddle Picture Book (by Caldecott, Randolph)
Three Hundred Aesop's Fables (by Aesop)
The Book of Nonsense (by Lear, Edward)
Adventures of Goody Two Shoes (by Goldsmith, Oliver)
Adventures of Sonny Bear (by Fox, Frances Margaret)
Aunt Friendly's Picture Book (by Baker, Sarah S.)
The velveteen rabbit, or, how toys becom... (by Bianco, Margery Williams)
The Arabian Nights Entertainments Comple... (by Anonymous)
The Purple Cow! (by Burgess, Galett)
The Tales of Mother Goose (by Perrault, Charles)
Just So Stories (by Kipling, Rudyard)
The Baby's Own Aesop : Being the Fables ... (by Crane, Walter)

Top 100 books on Literature and Fiction

The Idiot (by Dostoevsky, Fyodor)
Man in the Iron Mask, The (by Dumas, Alexandre)
The War of the Worlds (by Wells, Herbert George)
Pride and Prejudice (by Austen, Jane)
Prisoner of Zenda, The (by Hope, Anthony)
Mansfield Park (by Austen, Jane)
A Tale of Two Cities (by Dickens, Charles)
Madame Bovary (by Flaubert, Gustave)
Gulliver's Travels. (by Jonathan Swift)
Heart of Darkness (by Conrad, Joseph)
The Divine Comedy : Inferno (by Alighieri, Dante)
The Picture of Dorian Gray (by Wilde, Oscar)
King Solomon's Mines (by Haggard, Henry Rider)
Animal Farm (by Orwell, George)
Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, The (vers... (by Doyle, Arthur Conan, Sir)

Top 100 books on Classic Children's Literature

Little Lord Fauntleroy (by Burnett, Frances Hodgson)
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (by Baum, Lyman Frank)
Bambi Vald Mayele (by Salten, Felix)
Heidi (by Spyri, Johanna)
Tempest, The (by Shakespeare, William)
Water-Babies, The (by Kingsley, Charles)
Kidnapped (by Stevenson, Robert Louis)
A Christmas Carol (by Dickens, Charles)
Tom Brown's School Days : By Thomas Hugh... (by Hughes, Thomas)
Peter and Wendy (by Barrie, J. M. (James Matthew), 1860-1937)
Treasure Island (by Nor, Lisa)
The Tales of Mother Goose (by Oshea, Michael Vincent)
Coral Island, The (by Ballantyne, R.M.)
At the Back of the North Wind (by MacDonald, George)
The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes : ... (by Jones, Giles)

Top books on Shakespeare

The Tragedy of King Lear (by Shakespeare, William)
Two Gentlemen of Verona, The (by Shakespeare, William)
Coriolanus (by Shakespeare, William)
Richard III (by Shakespeare, William)
Macbeth (by Shakespeare, William)
Othello (by Shakespeare, William)
Romeo and Juliet (by Shakespeare)
Shakespeare's King Richard Iii; (by Shakespeare, William)
Much Ado About Nothing (by Shakespeare, William)
The Winter's Tale (by Shakespeare)
Richard II (by Shakespeare, William)
As You Like It (by Shakespeare, William)
Measure for Measure (by Shakespeare)
Coriolanus (by Shakespeare, William)
Hamlet (by Shakespeare, William)

Top books on Contemporary Children's Literature

Giggle, Giggle, Quack : Preformed by Wal... (by Doreen Cronin)
Clifford The Big Red Dog : Preformed by ... (by Norman Bridwell)
The Rabbit and the Turtle : Preformed by... (by Eric Carle)
The Very Greedy Bee : Preformed by Wally... (by Steve Smallman)
How Rocket Learned to Read : Preformed b... (by Tad Hills)
Jump, Frog, Jump : Preformed by Wally Am... (by Robert Kalan)
Squashed in the Middle : Preformed by Wa... (by Elizabeth Winthrop)
Curious George and the Pizza : Preformed... (by Margret and H.A. Rey)
Green Eggs and Ham : Preformed by Wally ... (by Dr. Seuss)
Stephanie's Ponytail : Preformed by Wall... (by Robert Munsch)
Peter's Chair : Preformed by Wally Amos (by Ezra Jack Keats)
All the Places to Love : Preformed by Wa... (by Patricia MacLachlan)
The Cow Who Clucked : Preformed by Wally... (by Denise Fleming)
Cows Can't Fly : Preformed by Wally Amos (by David Milgrim)
I'm A Caterpillar : Preformed by Wally A... (by Jean Marzollo)

Top 100 books on Hawaiiana

Hawaiian Canoe-Building Traditions (by Naomi N. Y. Chun)
Ao Kiko
Introduction to Hawaiian Grammar (by Alexander, W. D. (William De Witt))
Lehua 'Ahihi (by Kuleana Kope)
Ke Alakai O Ke Kanaka Hawaii (Part Iii) (by Joseph M. Poepoe)
Pono E Loa'A Ke Kokua Ia'U (by Kealohi M. Reppun)
Kuleana (by William K. Wallace)
He Wahi Mooolelo No Batimea Puaaiki, No ... (by J. S. Gelina)
Hawaii Session Laws (by Hawaii)
Kamehameha V : Lot Kapuaiwa (by Rosalin Uphus Comeau)
Ke Alo O Kona Mo'I (The Face of Her King... (by Robert Lono Ikuwa)
Ka'Ehuikimanoopu'Uloa (by William Henery)
Hawaiian Dictionary (by Mary Kawena Pukui)
Oiwi Vol. 2 Volume 2 (by Bernice Akamine)
Ai'Ai (by Kawike Napoleon)

Top books on Poetry

Songs of Innocence and of Experience and... (by Blake, William)
Leaves of Grass (by Whitman, Walt)
A Profeta Kertje (by Gibran, Khalil)
A Masque of Poets : Including Guy Vernon... (by Emily Dickinson)
Collected Poems of John Keats : Volume 5... (by Keats, John)
The Selected Poems of Rainer Maria Rilke (by Rilke, Rainer, Maria)
The Poems Of Robert Frost (by Frost, Robert.)
The Negro Speaks of Rivers (by Hughes, Langston)
One Hundred Poems of Kabir, Tr. By Rabin... (by Kabir)
When I Was King: Poems (by Henry Lawson)
Poems by Currer, Ellis, And Acton Bell (... (by Bell, Acton)
Verses 1889-1896 (by Kipling, Rudyard)
The Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shell... (by Percy Bysshe Shelley)
Stray Birds (by Sir Rabindranath Tagore)
The Raven (by Poe, Edgar Allan)

Yiddish Book Center

Di Geshikhe Fun Yuden in Poylen Fun Fier... (by Hirschhorn, Samuel)
A Rayze Keyn Pariz, Roym Un Yiroel (by Levenson, Leon)
Fun a Gants Lebn Lider, Dertseylungen, Z... (by Skudzicki, Benjamin)
David Ha-Melekh Hisorisher Roman Fun der... Volume Vol. 1 (by Saphire, Saul)
Der Bloyer Foygel : L'Oiseau Bleu : Tsoy... (by Maeterlink, Maurice)
Lemls Matones̀ (by Kvitko, Leib)
Dos Froyen-Inzl (by Hauptmann, Gerhart)
Di Verk Fun Yitsak Leybush Perets Tsvelf... Volume Vol. 10 (by Peretz, Isaac Leib)
Indyanishe Dertseylungen (by Dayksel, Shemuel)
Geheymsho Fun Avraham Sutskever (by Brownstone, Ezekiel)
Di Lider in Tsvelf Teyln, 1891-1951 (by Reisen, Abraham)
Uner Salin's Yokh (by Basch, Eliezer)
Fun Rebe'Ns Hoyf (Fun ‘Shernobil Biz Aln... Volume Vol. 2 (by Mekler, D. L.)
Der Kamf Kegn Bund Fun der An’Sheyung Fu... (by Agursky, Samuel)
Geven a Hoyz in Poyln Lider Un Poemen (by Gruszko, Leon)